brushes

  Fibres used for the manufacture of brushes are classified as a separate group and they possess different properties than are required of fibre for other uses. They must be stiff but not brittle and must possess a high degree of flexibility.

Depending upon the purpose for which the brush is used, a suitable type of fibre is selected for brush making. The fibres that are commonly used in our country for brush making are Coir, Jute, Palmyra, Sisal, Aloe and Animal hairs such as Cattle hair, horse hair, Pig hair etc.

Bass, Kittool, Palmetto, and Pita fibres are also used for brush making but they are not common in our country. Their origin is mostly Mexico and fibres of the above categories are used on a very limited scale in our country and are generally known as Mexican fibres.

Both hard fibres and soft fibres are used for brush making. Hard fibre like coir and palmyra are used for brushes meant for works of a harder nature such as scrubbing, sweeping, floor cleaning, sanitary uses etc.

Fibres of a soft nature such as Cattle hair, Horse hair etc. are used for shaving brushes, hair brushes, shoe polishing brushes, painting brushes etc.

1. Brush-making fibres are different – They have special properties not needed in other fibres.

2. They must be stiff but not brittle – They should also bend easily without breaking.

3. The type of fibre depends on the brush’s use – Different brushes need different kinds of fibres.

4. Common fibres used in our country:

   • Coir

   • Jute

   • Palmyra

   • Sisal

   • Aloe

   • Animal hairs like cattle hair, horse hair, and pig hair

5. Some foreign fibres are also used, like:

   • Bass

   • Kittool

   • Palmetto

   • Pita

   • These mostly come from Mexico and are used in small amounts. They are called "Mexican fibres".

6. Both hard and soft fibres are used in making brushes.

7. Hard fibres (like coir and palmyra) are used for rough work like:

   • Scrubbing

   • Sweeping

   • Floor cleaning

   • Sanitary use

8. Soft fibres (like animal hairs) are used for delicate work like:

• Shaving brushes

• Hair brushes

• Shoe polish brushes

• Painting brushes

Palmyra Fibre:

1. Source:

   • Palmyra fibre comes from the palm tree with fan-shaped leaves.

   • It grows in India, Sri Lanka, and Burma (Myanmar).

2. Colour and Nature:

   • The fibre is brown in colour.

   • It is long and stiff.

3. How it is Collected:

   • The leaf stalk is slightly crushed.

   • Then, it is soaked in water for 1 or 2 days.

   • After soaking, it is beaten to loosen the fibre from the cork-like part.

   • The fibres are then separated and dried under the sun.

4. Grading:

   • The fibre is sorted into short, medium, and long grades.

5. Fibre Length:

   • The fibre length ranges from 9 inches to 18 inches
     (22.25 cm to 45 cm).

---

Sisal Fibre:

1. Plant Name and Origin:

   • Sisal comes from a plant called Agave sisalana.

   • It is native to southern Mexico, but now grown in many countries.

2. Fibre Type:

   • Sisal gives a stiff fibre used to make many products.

   • The word "sisal" can mean either the plant or the fibre.

   • It is also called "sisal hemp" (named after hemp, an old fibre plant).

3. Uses of Sisal Fibre:

   • Traditionally used for making rope and twine.

   • Also used in making:

     • Paper

     • Cloth

     • Shoes

     • Hats

     • Bags

     • Carpets

     • Brushes

4. Where It Is Grown:

   • Grown mostly in East Africa for fibre production.

5. Fibre Features:

   • Sisal fibre is shiny (lustrous) and white in colour.

6. How It Is Extracted:

   • Fibre is taken from the leaves of the plant.

   • Leaves are crushed and then scraped to remove the fibre.

   • The fibres are then washed and dried.

7. Large Scale Production:

• There are machines available for extracting sisal fibre in large quantities.

---

Uses of Sisal Fibre:

1. Main Use:

   • Sisal is mostly used to make ropes and twines.

2. Other Uses:

   • Also used to make floor mats and furnishing materials.

   • Used in making brushes (mainly for dusting and cleaning fine dust).

---

How Sisal Fibre Is Collected:

3. Source:

   • Sisal fibre comes from the leaves of the sisal plant.

4. Extraction Process (Machine Decortication):

   • Leaves are crushed between rollers.

   • Then they are mechanically scraped to get the fibre.

   • The fibre is then washed and dried either by machine or sunlight.

5. Yield:

   • Only about 4% of the leaf’s weight becomes usable dried fibre.

6. Final Step:

   • After drying, the fibre is double brushed using machines.

---

Properties of Sisal Fibre:

7. Appearance:

   • The fibre is shiny (lustrous) and creamy white in colour.

   • Length: About 80 to 120 cm

   • Thickness: About 0.2 to 0.4 mm

8. Texture and Strength:

• The fibre is coarse and not flexible.

• It is strong and durable, good for making cords and ropes.

• It can stretch, takes up dyes well, and resists saltwater damage.

---

Grades of Sisal Fibre Used in Industry:

1. Low-Grade Fibre:

   • Used by the paper industry.

   • This is because it has a high amount of cellulose and hemicellulose.

2. Medium-Grade Fibre:

   • Used to make ropes, baler twine, and binder’s twine.

   • These ropes and twines are used in marine, agriculture, and general industry.

3. High-Grade Fibre:

   • Treated and turned into yarn.

   • The yarn is used by the carpet industry.

4. Other Uses of Sisal Fibre:

   • Also used for making:

     • Non-woven mats

     • Brushes

     • Roving (loose fibre for spinning)

---

Top Sisal-Producing Countries (Yearly Production):

• Brazil – 130,000 tons (largest producer)

  • Grows well in semi-arid areas

  • Around 800,000 people in Brazil depend on sisal farming

• Mexico – 45,000 tons

• China – 36,000 tons

• Kenya – 25,000 tons

• Tanzania – 24,000 tons

• Madagascar – 15,000 tons

---

Preparing Coir Fibre for Brushes:

1. Type of Fibre Used:

   • Bristle fibre with long length is best for making brushes.

   • Usually comes in small bundles about 2 inches thick.

2. Combing Process:

   • The bundles are untied.

   • Then they are combed to:

     • Remove pith (dusty or woody parts)

     • Make the fibres straight and parallel

3. How Combing Is Done:

   • Nails are fixed upright on a flat wooden board.

   • Fibre bunches are held by hand and combed by pulling them across the nails.

---

General Process of Making Coir Brushes:

1. Cutting the Wood:

   • Big wooden logs are first cut into pieces using a Band Saw.

   • These pieces are then cut into smaller parts using a Circular Saw.

2. Shaping the Wood:

   • Small wood pieces are shaped using a Wood Turning Lathe if needed.

   • Some pieces are made smooth using a Planer.

   • Then, they are cut into the required shapes using a Jig Saw, based on the brush design.

3. Making Holes:

   • The shaped wood is drilled with holes using a Drilling Machine.

   • These holes are where the fibre will be placed.

4. Preparing the Fibres:

   • Fibres are cut to the required length (based on how long the brush bristles should be) using a Chisel and Hammer.

   • Small bunches of fibres are tied together to form tufts.

   • A G.I. (galvanized iron) wire is bent into a "U" shape and pressed at the center of the tuft using cutting pliers.

5. Fixing the Tufts:

   • The tufts are placed into the wood holes.

   • The bent part of the wire is hammered in using a Punch and Hammer to fix the tufts tightly.

   • All the holes are filled with fibre tufts.

6. Finishing the Brush:

   • The top part of the brush is trimmed using a Top Shearing Machine or Scissors.

   • The whole brush is smoothed using a Belt Disc Sander Machine and then polished.

---

Types of Wood Used for Brushes:

• Any wood can be used, but soft wood is easier and preferred.

• Common types include:

  • Mango wood

  • Pine

  • Arana

  • Kadampu

---

Types of Brushes (Based on Use):

Brushes are made for different purposes and can be grouped into:

1. Sanitary Brushes

2. Industrial Brushes

3. Domestic Brushes

---

Common Brush Types:

• Commode Brush

• Scrubbing Brush

• Banister Brush

• Form Cleaning Brush

• Floor Sweeping Brush

• Boot Polishing Brush

• Table Cleaning Brush

• Hair Brush

• Bottle Cleaning Brush

• Basin Cleaning Brush

---

---

1. Lavatory Brush:

1. This brush is used for cleaning toilets.

2. The coir fibre is made to stand up in a circle at one end of a wooden stick.

3. The wooden stick is 45 cm (18 inches) long.

4. The diameter (thickness) of the stick is 4 cm (1.5 inches).

5. The stick is divided into two parts:

   • 11 cm (4.5 inches) for the brush part (bristles)

   • 34 cm for the handle

6. In the first 6 cm of the brush end, fibre tufts are packed very close together with no gaps.

7. In the next 5 cm, fibres are placed in 4 rows around the stick.

8. The height of the fibre sticking out is about 3 cm (1.25 inches).

9. Good quality coir fibre is used for this brush.

---

2. Banister Brush:

1. This brush is used in railways, automobile industries, and cotton mills to clean machines.

2. The wood is shaped like a cylinder:

   • 5 cm thick and 23 cm long

   • A part of 12 cm is made thinner.

3. After shaping, the flat surface is drilled with holes to fix the fibre.

4. The fibre tufts are fixed in 4 rows.

5. Each fibre tuft is about 7 cm long.

6. This brush uses second-quality fibre.

---

3. Floor Sweeping Brush:

1. This brush is used for sweeping floors.

2. It has a long stick, about 140 cm long.

3. The wooden block that holds the fibre is:

   • 30 cm long

   • 5 cm wide

   • 4 cm thick

4. The fibre tufts stick out about 8 cm from the holes.

5. Since the fibres are long, good-quality fibre is used for this brush.

---

4. Table Cleaning Brush:

1. The wood size is 35 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 1.5 cm thick.

2. The part covered with fibre is 23 cm long.

3. The height of the fibre (pile) is 6 cm.

4. Third-quality fibre is used.

5. This brush is used for cleaning tables and flat surfaces.

6. It is also used to clean workshop equipment.

---

5. Bottle Cleaning Brush:

1. This brush is used to clean bottles.

2. It is made differently from other brushes.

3. Fibre is placed between two G.I. wires, which are then twisted together.

4. The brush part is about 10 cm long.

5. The fibre sticks out about 2 cm from the center to the edge.

---

6. Scrubbing Brush:

1. The wood for this brush is not turned on a machine.

2. The wood is planed and then cut to shape using a Jig Saw.

3. Fine quality coir fibre is usually used.

4. Sometimes, Palmyra fibre is better because scrubbing needs a rough brush.

5. This brush is used to scrub floors and bathrooms while washing.

6. The wood base size is 25 cm long, 8 cm wide, and 2 cm thick.

7. The fibre sticks out 2.5 cm from the base.

8. The brush is made in different shapes based on the type of cleaning work.

---

7. Form Cleaning Brush:

• Used to clean press forms.

• Smaller in size.

• Designed for easy hand grip.

• Wood base size: 20 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm.

• Fibre projects 2.5 cm from the base.

• Made with fine quality fibre.

---

8. Boot Polishing Brush:

• Used for polishing boots.

• Made from horsehair or cattle hair.

• Wood base size: 16 cm × 8 cm × 2 cm.

• Fibre projects 2 cm from the base.

• Soft coir fibre is also used.

---

9. Hair Brush:

• Used to clean hair after a haircut.

• Has a handle for easy use.

• Wood base size: 19 cm × 7.5 cm × 2 cm.

• Fibre used: nylon, horsehair, cattle hair, or soft coir fibre.

• Fibre projects 2 cm from the base.

---

10. Basin Cleaning Brush:

• Used to clean basins.

• Similar to the form cleaning brush but slightly different in size.

• Wood base size: 17.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 2 cm.

• Fibre projects 2.5 cm from the base.

• Made with fine quality fibre.

---

✅ Main Questions and Answers – Brushes and Fibres

---

SECTION 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

1. Q: What are the essential properties of fibres used in brush making?
   A: They must be stiff but not brittle and should possess a high degree of flexibility.

2. Q: Why are brush fibres classified separately from other fibres?
   A: Because they require unique properties like stiffness, flexibility, and durability not found in general-purpose fibres.

3. Q: On what basis is a particular fibre selected for brush making?
   A: Based on the purpose or function of the brush.

4. Q: Name any five common fibres used for brush making in India.
   A: Coir, Jute, Palmyra, Sisal, and Aloe.

5. Q: Name three animal hairs used in brush making.
   A: Cattle hair, horse hair, pig hair.

6. Q: What are Mexican fibres?
   A: Fibres such as Bass, Kittool, Palmetto, and Pita mostly imported from Mexico and used in limited quantities.

7. Q: Name any two Mexican fibres.
   A: Bass and Kittool.

---

SECTION 2: HARD & SOFT FIBRES

8. Q: Name two hard fibres used in brushes.
   A: Coir and Palmyra.

9. Q: What are hard fibres used for in brush making?
   A: For scrubbing, sweeping, floor cleaning, and sanitary uses.

10. Q: Name three soft fibres used in brushes.
    A: Horse hair, cattle hair, and pig hair.

11. Q: What are soft fibres used for in brushes?
    A: For shaving brushes, painting brushes, shoe polishing, and hair brushes.

---

SECTION 3: PALMYRA FIBRE

12. Q: What is the source of Palmyra fibre?
    A: The Palmyra palm tree with fan-shaped leaves.

13. Q: In which countries is Palmyra fibre commonly found?
    A: India, Sri Lanka, and Burma (Myanmar).

14. Q: Describe the appearance of Palmyra fibre.
    A: Brown, long, and stiff.

15. Q: How is Palmyra fibre collected?
    A: The leaf stalk is crushed, soaked, beaten, separated, and sun-dried.

16. Q: What are the grading categories of Palmyra fibre?
    A: Short, medium, and long.

17. Q: What is the typical length range of Palmyra fibre?
    A: 9 to 18 inches (22.25 cm to 45 cm).

---

SECTION 4: SISAL FIBRE

18. Q: From which plant is sisal fibre obtained?
    A: Agave sisalana.

19. Q: What is another name for sisal?
    A: Sisal hemp.

20. Q: Where did the sisal plant originate?
    A: Southern Mexico.

21. Q: Name any four products made from sisal.
    A: Rope, twine, carpets, hats.

22. Q: What is the colour of sisal fibre?
    A: Shiny (lustrous) and white.

23. Q: How is sisal fibre extracted?
    A: By crushing and scraping the leaves, then washing and drying.

24. Q: What percentage of the leaf becomes usable fibre?
    A: About 4%.

25. Q: What is the length of sisal fibre?
    A: 80 to 120 cm.

26. Q: Is sisal flexible?
    A: No, it is coarse and not flexible.

27. Q: What are the three grades of sisal fibre?
    A: Low, medium, and high grade.

28. Q: What is high-grade sisal used for?
    A: Yarn for carpets.

29. Q: Which country is the largest producer of sisal?
    A: Brazil.

---

SECTION 5: COIR FIBRE PROCESSING

30. Q: What type of coir fibre is used for brushes?
    A: Long bristle fibre.

31. Q: What is the purpose of combing coir fibre?
    A: To remove pith and align the fibres.

32. Q: What tool is used to comb coir fibre?
    A: Upright nails fixed on a flat wooden board.

33. Q: What is the first step in making a coir brush?
    A: Cutting wood with a Band Saw.

34. Q: How are holes made in the wood block?
    A: Using a Drilling Machine.

35. Q: How are fibres secured into the holes?
    A: With U-shaped G.I. wire, hammered with a punch.

36. Q: How is the brush trimmed?
    A: Using a Top Shearing Machine or scissors.

37. Q: Name two machines used in shaping or smoothing the brush.
    A: Wood Turning Lathe and Belt Disc Sander Machine.

---

SECTION 6: TYPES OF WOOD USED

38. Q: Why is soft wood preferred for brushes?
    A: It is easier to work with.

39. Q: Name any two types of wood used for brush handles.
    A: Mango wood and Pine.

---

SECTION 7: TYPES OF BRUSHES

40. Q: Name three categories of brushes based on use.
    A: Sanitary, Industrial, and Domestic.

41. Q: What fibre is used in a Lavatory Brush?
    A: Good quality coir fibre.

42. Q: What is the handle length of a Lavatory Brush?
    A: 45 cm (18 inches).

43. Q: What is the use of a Banister Brush?
    A: Cleaning machines in railways and industries.

44. Q: What quality of fibre is used in Banister Brushes?
    A: Second-quality fibre.

45. Q: What is the fibre length in Floor Sweeping Brushes?
    A: 8 cm.

46. Q: Which brush uses third-quality fibre?
    A: Table Cleaning Brush.

47. Q: How is a Bottle Cleaning Brush made differently?
    A: Fibre is twisted between two G.I. wires.

48. Q: What is the brush part length in a Bottle Cleaning Brush?
    A: 10 cm.

49. Q: Which fibre is better for Scrubbing Brushes — coir or palmyra?
    A: Palmyra (for rough scrubbing).

50. Q: What fibres are used in Boot Polishing Brushes?
    A: Horsehair or cattle hair.

---

---

✅ Main Questions and Answers – Brushes and Fibres (Continued)

---

SECTION 8: SPECIFIC BRUSH DIMENSIONS & DETAILS

51. Q: What is the wood base size of the Floor Sweeping Brush?
    A: 30 cm long, 5 cm wide, and 4 cm thick.

52. Q: What is the total length of the stick in the Floor Sweeping Brush?
    A: 140 cm.

53. Q: What quality of fibre is used in the Floor Sweeping Brush?
    A: Good-quality long coir fibre.

54. Q: What is the fibre projection length in the Table Cleaning Brush?
    A: 6 cm.

55. Q: What is the size of the Table Cleaning Brush base?
    A: 35 cm × 4 cm × 1.5 cm.

56. Q: What is the fibre-covered portion length in the Table Cleaning Brush?
    A: 23 cm.

57. Q: Where is the Table Cleaning Brush commonly used?
    A: On tables and for cleaning workshop equipment.

58. Q: What is the fibre projection in the Bottle Cleaning Brush?
    A: 2 cm from the center to the edge.

59. Q: How long is the brush part of the Bottle Cleaning Brush?
    A: About 10 cm.

60. Q: What makes the Bottle Cleaning Brush construction different from others?
    A: Fibre is placed between two G.I. wires and twisted together.

61. Q: What is the size of the wood base for the Scrubbing Brush?
    A: 25 cm × 8 cm × 2 cm.

62. Q: What is the fibre projection in the Scrubbing Brush?
    A: 2.5 cm.

63. Q: Which fibre may be preferred over coir for Scrubbing Brushes?
    A: Palmyra fibre.

64. Q: What is the main use of the Scrubbing Brush?
    A: Scrubbing floors and bathrooms.

65. Q: What is the wood base size of the Form Cleaning Brush?
    A: 20 cm × 10 cm × 2 cm.

66. Q: How much does the fibre project from the Form Cleaning Brush?
    A: 2.5 cm.

67. Q: What is the Form Cleaning Brush used for?
    A: Cleaning press forms.

68. Q: What is the wood base size of the Boot Polishing Brush?
    A: 16 cm × 8 cm × 2 cm.

69. Q: What is the fibre projection in the Boot Polishing Brush?
    A: 2 cm.

70. Q: Name two types of fibre used in Boot Polishing Brushes.
    A: Horsehair and cattle hair.

71. Q: What is the size of the Hair Brush?
    A: 19 cm × 7.5 cm × 2 cm.

72. Q: What kind of handle does the Hair Brush have?
    A: A handle for easy use.

73. Q: Name two fibres used in Hair Brushes.
    A: Horsehair and soft coir fibre.

74. Q: What is the fibre projection in the Hair Brush?
    A: 2 cm.

75. Q: What is the use of the Hair Brush?
    A: Cleaning hair after a haircut.

76. Q: What is the wood base size of the Basin Cleaning Brush?
    A: 17.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 2 cm.

77. Q: What is the fibre projection in the Basin Cleaning Brush?
    A: 2.5 cm.

78. Q: What type of fibre is used in the Basin Cleaning Brush?
    A: Fine quality fibre.

---

SECTION 9: MACHINES AND TOOLS USED

79. Q: Name the machine used to cut large wood logs.
    A: Band Saw.

80. Q: Which machine is used to shape cylindrical wooden handles?
    A: Wood Turning Lathe.

81. Q: What is used to cut fibre tufts to length?
    A: Chisel and Hammer.

82. Q: How are the fibres fixed into brush holes?
    A: Using U-shaped G.I. wire and a punch.

83. Q: What tool is used to make holes in the wood base?
    A: Drilling Machine.

84. Q: What machine is used to smooth and polish the brush?
    A: Belt Disc Sander.

85. Q: How is the top of the brush trimmed?
    A: Using a Top Shearing Machine or scissors.

---

SECTION 10: FIBRE CHARACTERISTICS COMPARISON

86. Q: Which is coarser — sisal or coir?
    A: Sisal is coarser.

87. Q: Which is more flexible — palmyra or sisal?
    A: Palmyra is more flexible.

88. Q: Which fibre is best for delicate brushes like painting or shaving?
    A: Animal hair (e.g., horsehair).

89. Q: Which brush would need a fibre with high water resistance?
    A: Sanitary or scrubbing brushes (e.g., coir or palmyra).

90. Q: Which fibre is soft, absorbent, and used for boot polishing?
    A: Horsehair or cattle hair.

---

SECTION 11: INDUSTRY AND GEOGRAPHY

91. Q: Name three top sisal-producing countries.
    A: Brazil, Mexico, China.

92. Q: Why is Brazil the largest sisal producer?
    A: Due to suitable semi-arid conditions and large-scale farming.

93. Q: What is the annual sisal fibre production in Brazil?
    A: Around 130,000 tons.

94. Q: What is the role of sisal in the paper industry?
    A: Low-grade sisal is used due to high cellulose content.

95. Q: Which grade of sisal is used for carpet yarn?
    A: High-grade sisal fibre.

96. Q: What grade of fibre is used for table cleaning brushes?
    A: Third-quality fibre.

97. Q: Which fibre resists saltwater damage?
    A: Sisal.

98. Q: Which fibre is double brushed after drying?
    A: Sisal fibre.

99. Q: Which fibre takes dye well and is suitable for colourful products?
    A: Sisal.

100. Q: What is the fibre yield from a sisal leaf (by weight)?
     A: Only about 4% of the leaf’s weight becomes usable fibre.

---

coer fiber extraction

 

 coer fiber extraction through defibering machine or decorticating machine two types of machinaries are available for separating the fiber from the coconut husk by mechanical means the they are defibering drum and decorator there are two methods of decoration process in the COA industry namely burster disintegrator beating combination and Crusher decorator sifter combination decorticating [Music] machine the fiber obtained in this process is in mixed form and is known as decorated fiber the coconut husk is the raw material for extraction of Co fiber by machines the coconut is plucked from the coconut tree the coconut hus are separated from the coconut by a process known as dehusking the coconut H are thrashed against an upright iron Spike fixed on the ground and the H are separated manually by suitable manipulation by the worker it breaks the H into three or four segments depending on the efficiency a worker is capable of dehusking about 1,500 to 2,000 coconuts in a day the coconut husk is then crushed by passing through a Crusher the crusher consists of a Cho leading into a pair of rotating gred iron rollers set just wide enough apart to grip the husk it cracks the EXO card without seriously damaging the fiberous matter the coconut has crashed have to go through the conveyor belt to the dis integrator [Applause] this conveyor belt is working with the help of a half HP motor [Music] thus the husk moves from the first conveyor to the second conveyor to reach [Music] disintegrator these HS are false from from the conveyor to the dis integrator and from this dis integrator the extraction is [Music] [Applause] happening for about 70 to 75% the fiber get extracted in this disintegrator [Music] the machine is working with the help of 50 HP [Music] motor the fiber get extracted which moves through this conveyor Bel to reach decorator [Music] the deetor is using to separate the pit and other impurities from the fiber it is working with the help of 40 HP motor and at last we get best fiber the separated fiber from the decorticator goes to the revolving screener the revolving screener is using to separate the pit and the [Music] fiber from this revolving screener the pit and baby fibers are dropping down the fibers coming through the conveyor to revolving screener and with the help of the revolving screener it separates the pit [Music] we get the best fiber without pit and baby fiber this process is happening within 2 or 3 minutes and the wet fibers are coming this fiber is dried in the [Music] sunlight the dried fibers are bundled [Music] [Applause] [Music] the pit baby pit and impurities goes to the revolving screener through the [Music] conveyor this this process is for get a separation of good bit and baby [Music] fiber to separate the pit only we use in the screener the small mes the pit which are separated falls down from the screener and through a conveyor then it is accumulated in the collecting place to every one kilo fiber when extracted 2 Kil of COA pit is produced The Pit is collected in a tractor or truck defibering [Music] machine the hus are put into conveyor the husk mov through the conveyor and drops in the [Music] crusher this conveyor belt is working on 7.5 hp motor in this Crusher the husks are crushed after the crushing process the H are drops in the water train it is called soaking tank the purpose of this is to getting vet to H [Applause] the husks are moved to the defibering Machine by special Arrangement the H are placed in the revolving drum in order by hand a [Music] the HS are combed by the spikes of combing drums this is the coming drum which is using for scratch the outer skin of the [Applause] HS in the first coming drum the outer skin is [Music] scratched then these hus will go to the next coming drum where again the coming [Music] happens this is the fiber called bristle fiber we get the bristle fiber alone and the other fiber with mixed conditions including pit goes down [Music] the power of the motor which is used for chain drive is 2 and 1/2 HP below the conveyor system a motor with 7 HP is used for the coming machine a 5 HP motor is used and thus a total of 14 HP is used for defibering machine for the conveyor it is using 1 HP motor we are not getting good separation of fiber from fresh H in the defibering machine so the Fiber goes to the second revolving screener through conveyor to get clear fiber without impurities [Music] the machine for this process works on a 20 hp motor from the decot gor the fiber will go to the revolving screener and we get good fiber on one side [Music] [Applause] the bit fiber and the pit with impurities get from the coming [Music] machine these fibers are pass through the conveyor to another revolving [Music] screener this will go through the decorator with less HP motor the pit and baby fibers come down and separate to get a good separation of with it goes to the next revolving screen [Music] two conveyors are arranged to separate good bit and the other for baby fiber and impurities [Music]

 @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

 [Music] spinning of COA yarn on traditional rat [Music] Chara cleaning of COA fiber before spinning into COA [Music] yarn the COA fibers are first cleaned by hand from nose fibers bits of husk Etc this loen fiber sprinkled with water is passed through a willowing machine for removal of the last traces of pit on it the cha fiber passed through this machine having revolving coming nails or blades and is obtained as clean and the fibers are more or less parallel the willowing machine is rotating at high speeds and consists of a high number of iron Nails fitted on a drum when it rotates the fiber pass through the front side and the fibers which moves come in front of the drum and the drum rotates very speedy and then the pit and the dirts from the fiber removes and it fell down as sheet forms the COO fiber will be cleaned with removing dirts and rusts this is Smith Co fiber for slver [Music] making this is then rolled into slers which are used for spinning on coer spinning wheel or traditional rot motorized traditional rot motorized rat and automatic spinning machines most of the COA yarn is spun from mixed fiber from reted hust although certain qualities known as unsoed or Beach yarn are also produced from fiber out of unsoed or or partially soaked green [Music] husks spinning of COA fiber on traditional [Music] rot the spinning of COA fiber into yarn takes place exclusively in coastal Villages as household cotage industry the COA yarn is usually spun into two ply and three ply [Music] yars the spinning of COA fiber is done either by hand or by the use of traditional spinning rat or cha motorized traditional rat motorized rat or automatic spinning machine traditional Rod is the first contents developed for dis spinning of COA fiber into [Music] yarn a set of Two Wheels One fitted to a stationary and the other to a mov stand stand is employed in wheel [Music] spinning the stationary stand is available with two spindle four spindle or six spindles and a wheel a handle for turning the wheel is inserted through the center of the [Music] wheel the wheel and spindles are connected by an end L code so that with the m of the handle rotates the wheel fixed to its axis the spindles could be set in motion the framework of the other stand is provided with three wheels for its movement on the floor forward and backward the movable wheel is fitted with one or two spindles which could be set in motion by rotation of a wheel just as in the case of spindles on the stationary frame in the actual working the frames are arranged with the spindles facing each other the body of the rod may be of wood or metal a group of three workers is required for spinning COA fiber on traditional Rod one to rotate the wheel on the stationary stand and two to make the single stands which make up the two play COA [Music] yarn the sers of the COA fiber are taken by two women who keep the fiber in their armpits make a loop with the small length of slver short lengths of slver drawn out by hand are hooked onto The Notches of the spindles on the stationary stand and gives the slver a uniform thickness the spindles are there made to rotate by the anticlockwise direction of the wheel on the stationary stand by Third bman to embat the twist to the individual stands [Music] as the wheel is being rotated the two spinners deliver the fiber in the required thickness walking backwards till the required length of strand is [Music] reached the rotation of the wheel on the fixed stand is then stopped the fiber ends of the single strands are joined together and connected to a notch of the spindle on the movable frame a yarn guide consisting of a triangular piece of wooden plank with grooves on the two sides terminating with the angular end of the piece is then inserted in between the strands so that the individual strands pass through the grooves the wheel on the movable frame is then rotated in the clockwise Direction so as to impart a Twist in a direction opposite to that in the single strs this is synchronized with the careful and steady movement of the movable frame closer to the stationary frame to allow for the contraction in the length of the yarn in the process of doubling operation in the process of making the two play COA yarn the spindles on the stationary stand is rotated to prevent loosening of the Twist on the single strands in the course of Ting the doubling Twist by the operation of the wheel on the movable frame the Yar Gade regulates the twist prevents entanglement of the strands at the time of the doubling operation and binds the strands closer when the length to be twisted becomes shorter the movable frame is turned towards the stationary frame for a short distance by now the Yar guide would have reached the stationary frame the Turning of of the wheels are stopped and the mobile frame taken back to the original place all the ends from stationary stand are then cut off and the yarn is tested for sufficiency of [Music] twist the Spong Yar in length of 15 to 25 M is Dred into [Music] hangs the depending on the quality of the yarn the production on a rat is estimated to about 10 to 18 kilos per day for three women for 8 hours the diameter of the spindles and number of spindles type and size of brought VAR at different Co producing Center the chakas are named named according to the name of the place where yarn is [Music] produced [Music] [Music] in the viome area the women can spin COA fiber by taking the strs by both the hands they are keeping the fiber around their lap or [Music] abdomen in the earlier days wooden rats were used for spinning COA fiber into yarn it has been replaced now with RTS made of [Music] metal hand spinning in the hand spinning the fiber is rolled in between the Palms with a clockwise twist into strands of of short length of 15 cm to 23 cm when sufficient lengths of these strands has been made two of these strands are taken in hand together and made into yarn of two ply by giving a counter twist using both [Music] Palms the yarn is held in position and further pieces of short length of the yarn are added on the other till the rec length of yarn for a knot is raised the yarn is then Dred in the form of a hang and a knot is made at the end it is estimated that one woman could produce 2.5 kg to 4 kgs Yar per day on average hand Spong yarn has a soft twist stronger and more uniform in thickness and twist than the rat sponge [Music] yarn

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

spinning of Korean on motorized traditional rock cleaning of coil fiber before spinning into coil yarn the coil fibers are fast clean by hand from nose fibers beats a fast exit on this loosen fiber sprinkle with water is passed through a winnowing machine for removal of the last traces of pathani the coil fiber passed through this machine having revolving coming nails of blades and is obtained as clean and the fibers are more or less parallel this is then rolled into slivers which are used for spinning on motorised traditional rod most of the koi yarn is spun from mixed fiber from rated husks although certain qualities known as unsoaked of B Jian are also produced from fiber out of unsoaked are partially soaked green husks the Wheeling machine is working with the help of a 1 hp motor or 2 HP motor traditional rats are now motorized the power of the motor is 0.25 HP the motor avoid rotation of the stationary stand by a walker this is how the rod functions the connection of this two plastic strings are connected to the strands over the spinners one false switch on the rod and the other to stop the rotation of the rod the control of the rat is always with the spinners when the strand has broken they stops the rod the working of the rat is similar to the traditional rod except for stopping the rotation of the rods the slivers of the Koya fiber are taken by two women who keep the fiber in their armpits make a loop with the small length of Slayer short lengths of sliver drawn out by hand are hooked onto the notches of the spindles on the stationary stand and gives the slaver a uniform thickness the spindles are they're made to rotate by the anti-clockwise direction of the wheel on the stationary stand as the wheel is being rotated this two spinners deliver the fiber in the required thickness walking backwards till the required length of strand is reached the rotation of the wheel on the fixed standest then stopped the fiber ends of the single strands are joined together and connected to a notch of the spindle on the mobile frame a young guide consisting of a triangular piece of wooden plank with grooves on the two sides terminating with the angular end of the piece is then inserted in between the strands so that the individual strands pass through the grooves the wheel on the movable frame is then rotated in the clockwise direction so as to impart a twist in the direction opposite to that in the single strands this is synchronized with the careful and steady movement of the mobile frame closer to the stationary frame to allow for the contraction in the length of the yarn in the process of doubling operation in the process of making the to play coy a yarn the spindles on the stationary stand is rotated to prevent loosening of the twist on the single strands in the course of inverting the doubling twist by the operation of the wheel on the mobile frame the yarn guide regulates the twist prevents entanglement of the strands at the time of the doubling operation and binds the strands closer when the length to be twisted becomes shorter the movable frame is turned towards the stationary frame for a short distance by now the yarn guide would have reached the stationary frame the turning of the wheels are stopped and the mobile frame taken back to the original place for the ends from stationary stand are then cut off and the yarn is tested for sufficiency of twist thus pangaean in length of 15 to 25 meters is drilled into hands the productivity and wages to the workers are increased as only two spinners are required for spinning nowadays the motorized traditional rod is provided with a small villain machine by changing the belt the fiber record for spinning and Dion is cleaned with the help of the billowing machine attached to a spinning rod nowadays the stage to a stand and mobile stands are provided with quater HP motors it enables that one woman can spin the fiber by both hands without depending on other spinners